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SOURCE/LINK: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter_Revolution

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Twitter Revolution
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The term Twitter Revolution refers to different revolutions and protests, most of which had the social networking site Twitter be used by protestors and demonstrators in order to communicate:[1]
2009 Moldova civil unrest, claiming that the elections, which saw the governing Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM) win a majority of seats, were fraudulent
2009–2010 Iranian election protests, also known as Green Revolution and Facebook Revolution, following the 2009 Iranian presidential election
2010–2011 Tunisian revolution, also known as Jasmine Revolution and Wikileaks Revolution, in which the regime of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali was ended after 23 years
Egyptian Revolution of 2011, in which the regime of Hosni Mubarak was ended after 30 years
Euromaidan Revolution in Ukraine, beginning in November 2013.
The systematic literature review by Buettner & Buettner analyzed the role of Twitter during a wide range of social movements (2007 WikiLeaks, 2009 Moldova, 2009 Austria student protest, 2009 Israel-Gaza, 2009 Iran green revolution, 2009 Toronto G20, 2010 Venezuela, 2010 Germany Stuttgart21, 2011 Egypt, 2011 England, 2011 US Occupy movement, 2011 Spain Indignados, 2011 Greece Aganaktismenoi movements, 2011 Italy, 2011 Wisconsin labor protests, 2012 Israel Hamas, 2013 Brazil Vinegar, 2013 Turkey).[1]

Contents
1 Characteristics
2 Positive influence
3 Negative influence
4 Case studies
4.1 Twitter Revolution in Iran
4.2 Twitter Revolution in Egypt
4.3 Twitter Revolution in Ukraine (Euromaidan)
4.4 Twitter Revolution in Tunisia
5 References
Characteristics
In the "Twitter revolution", the relationship between the new media and social movement has three distinct characteristics: 1) The Twitter streams represent the interaction mechanism of ecological network 2) The Twitter streams embedding or be embedded into different types of control process; 3) The Twitter streams reflect the change of social movement ecology.[2]
Positive influence
According to the study of the Egyptian revolution, American Scholar Linz put forward that there are four ways affect collective action:
1. Make the disgruntled citizens more coordinated take some public action;
2. through the information cascade (information cascades) to improve the predictive chance of success
3. accelerate the cost of the repression of the union movement.
4. Through information dissemination increase the other regional and global public attention.[3]
Negative influence

This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Significance of "Oxford girl" unclear (November 2014)
Twitter revolution also has its negative influence to the social movement. Gladwell defined the SNS activity as weak ties and low level organization structure, and put forward that the social relations which constructed through the Internet is very difficult to have the collective action.[4] Additionally, It is a challenge of the social practice of using social media for political information construction and dissemination of democratic consultation, therefore, political culture, and social participation of ideological discourse problems created by the social media becomes very important.[5] Twitter played an important role in getting word about the events in Iran out to the wider world. Together with YouTube, it helped focus the world's attention on the Iranian people's fight for democracy[citation needed] and human rights[citation needed]. New media over the last year created and sustained unprecedented international moral solidarity with the Iranian struggle—a struggle that was being bravely waged many years before Twitter was ever conceived.[6] Thirdly, as the restrictions of the technical and social capital, minority voice are easy to be ignored and thus, the discourse right of ordinary audience was again put on the agenda.[7]
Case studies
Twitter Revolution in Iran
"Twitter revolution" is distinguished from other forms of activism because of the means by which the cyber activists communicate and aggregate through Twitter. It is an example of how social media facilitates communication among people globally in political revolutions. It challenges the traditional relationship between political authorities and popular, allowing the powerless to "collaborate, coordinate, and give voice to their concerns".[4]
During 2009–2010 Iranian election protests, Twitter and other similar websites succeeded in spreading the information and let people know around the world what was going on in Iran, while the mainstream, western media such as CNN failed to cover the news. According to Evgeny Morozov, a scholar at Stanford and a blogger for Foreign Policy magazine, the widespread belief that Twitter was the major platform of Iranian youth to plan mass scale protests online lacks sufficient supporting evidence, because in this way the authorities would be able to monitor and suppress the movement. Instead, Twitter is mainly "used to publicize protests that are already going on—and bring the world's attention to the acts of violence committed by the regime".[8]
Here, Twitter had played a role beyond its intended function as social media where people get connected to their acquaintances and friends online. "Without Twitter the people of Iran would not have felt empowered and confident to stand up for freedom and democracy," Mark Pfeifle, a former national-security adviser wrote. The contribution of Twitter in disseminating news from Green Revolution is recognized by Obama administration. On June 15 afternoon, the State Department official Jared Cohen sent Twitter an email, requesting it to "delay scheduled maintenance of its global network, which would have cut off service while Iranians were using Twitter to swap information and inform the outside world about the mushrooming protests around Tehran".[9]
Iran government also chose to block websites Facebook and Twitter roughly a month prior the June 12 presidential elections.[10]
However, some scholars also doubt the significance of Twitter's role in the political upheaval.[11][12][13] Golnaz Esfandiari wrote in Foreign Policy magazine that the majority of Twitter posts concerning demonstrations were products of Western users: "It's time to get Twitter's role in the events in the Iran right. Simply put: there was no Twitter Revolution inside Iran." She claims that bloggers like Andrew Sullivan, who was famous for his tweets about the Tehran revolution, misunderstood the situation. This journalist argues that activists who were opposed to the main political power tended to use Internet sources like text messages, email, and blog posts for communication in organizing of protest actions. Meanwhile,"good old-fashioned word of mouth" was the most influential medium for coordinating opposition, she writes. Esfandiari also added that social media tools like Facebook and Twitter were not ideal for rapid communication among protestors.[14] “Western journalists who couldn’t reach—or didn’t bother reaching?—people on the ground in Iran simply scrolled through the English-language tweets post with tag #iranelection,” she wrote. “Through it all, no one seemed to wonder why people trying to coordinate protests in Iran would be writing in any language other than Farsi (referring to Persian.” [15] So from the Western point of view, the voices of native Iranians writing tweets in Persian about the situation in their country were nearly absent. Evgeny Morozov stresses the importance of event coverage by bilingual Iranian bloggers. In his opinion only the people who were deeply involved in the process could comprehensibly describe the current situation — Western commentators didn't clearly understand the real situation because of language barriers, and only a small percentage of curious and demanding commentators tried to use translators to get to the root of the problem.[16]
David Rothkopf proposes that the idea of "Twitter revolution" is an overstatement. Even though it raised political awareness and increase participation through retweeting and reposting, there is no involvement of sacrifice, courage, physical confrontation and risk that real revolutions and real changes require.[17]
Iranian activist Vahid Online questions the "Twitter revolution" idea, stating that access to Facebook and Twitter in Iran is not enough to make it happen.[18][19]
Twitter Revolution in Egypt
In Egypt Revolution of 2011, the oppositional movement against the ruling of Mubarak was active on various platforms of social media. For example, “the hashtag #Jan25th was used to mobilize protesters on Twitter” to join the demonstration on Jan 25th on Tahrir Square. Along with other methods such as text message, flyers and words of mouth, it drew a crowd of 80,000 to the street of Cairo on that day. Similar to its Iranian correspondent, Egypt government shut down the access to Twitter in the afternoon on the day of gathering.[20] The connection was not restored until February 2.[21]
Moreover, Twitter was applied to communicate with the audience outside Egypt to "globalized the movement and win international support to protect and sustain the uprising". The worldwide audience was also able to have constant update with the situation in Egypt, besides simply listening to the State’s point of view.[5] As consequences, the revolution succeeded in the resignation of Mubarak in February 11, ending his dictatorship lasted for over 3 decades. An article in the magazine Wired states that social media did not cause the Egypt revolution. Rather, Twitter and Facebook were more like "a spark and an accelerant", "catalyzing pro-democracy movements". They have had the most potent impact in "what has shocked most observers of the current Egyptian scene: the sheer speed with which the regime fell – 18 days".[22]
In Egypt, Twitter was furthermore used to launch movements and volunteer groups hoping to have a positive effect on the community during a volatile time. The most notable initiatives launched on Twitter are Tahrir Supplies, Tahrir Doctors and Tahrir Bodyguard. Tahir Supplies and Tahrir Doctors aimed to save lives through collecting supplies, disseminating emergency alerts and were both effective in developing a logistics network to handle medical emergencies in Tahrir Square. Tahrir Bodyguard was launched by Soraya Bahgat on Twitter to combat the mob sexual assaults in Tahrir Square. Soraya Bahgat founded the movement after being horrified by the stories of ongoing mob sexual assaults in Tahrir Square as a movement of uniformed volunteers taking a stand against these assaults. Inspired by Twitter's effectiveness as a launching pad for initiatives such as Tahrir Supllies and Tahrir Doctors, she immediately took to Twitter after getting the idea and created the account that launched the movement. "Unwilling to see more of these assaults taking place, she started a Twitter account asking for volunteers to join and help make Tahrir a safer place for women," a member of the movement explained in an interview.
Twitter Revolution in Ukraine (Euromaidan)
After president Viktor Yanukovich rejection to sign the EU-Ukraine agreement on November 21, 2013, a mass protest took place on the ‘European square’ in Kiev.[23] The event was massively spread through Twitter with the hashtags #euromaidan, #євромайдан and #евромайдан.[24] The political situation in Ukraine increased the Twitter subscribers from 6,000 new accounts in November 2013 to 55,000 in January 2014. Average amount of daily tweets grew from 90,000 in 2012 to 130,000 during the protests. It reached a peak the 20th of February 2014, when dozens of protesters were killed. The same day 240,000 tweets were written.[25] Although many of the tweets were written in English, according to geotags analysis, 69% of them were tweeted from Ukraine. This indicates that those tweets were posted mostly by Ukrainians themselves.[26] On the 27th of January, 2014 a ‘Twitterstorm’ was launched in order to attract global attention to the protest itself and to initiate sanctions towards the then president Viktor Yanukovich. Ukrainian Twitterati addressed tweets with the hashtag #digitalmaidan to foreign media, politicians and international organizations. The hashtag then topped worldwide Twitter trends.[27] Ukrainians might have been influenced to use Twitter under the Euromaidan because of the impact Twitter had for other protests.[26]
Twitter Revolution in Tunisia
The Tunisian Revolution was sparked in December 2010 due to a lack of political freedoms and poor living conditions. “The protest was driven by the suicide of Mohamed Bouazizi, an unemployed street vendor whose informal vegetable stall was shuttered by the police."[28] Due to these conditions many of the Tunisian people took to social media sites, such as Twitter, to spread their messages about the revolution. One of the messages spread through Twitter included a popular hashtag #sidibouzid, which was important in highlighting the Tunisian Revolution through a hashtag.[29]
In a survey conducted about social media use in the Tunisian revolution, "many of the respondents named Twitter, Facebook, Skype, and cell phones as social media platforms they were using. Prior to the revolution most of the respondents stated that they were using social media to exchange information, stay in contact with family, and receive uncensored news. During the revolution, the respondents expressed an increased use of social media."[28]
At the time furthermore, the Tunisian people spread videos and photos of violence taking place in the country. This allowed for people outside of Tunisia to understand what was taking place in Tunisia during the revolution. This led to increased coverage of the events from outside the country, which helped spread awareness and ultimately help the people of Tunisia see their former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.
References
1.
Buettner, R. and Buettner, K. (2016). A Systematic Literature Review of Twitter Research from a Socio-Political Revolution Perspective. 49th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Kauai, Hawaii: IEEE. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4239.9442.
Alexandra Segerberg & W. Lance Bennett, Social Media and the Organization of Collective Action: using Twitter to explore the ecologies of two climate change protests.
Lynch, Marc. After Egypt: The limits and promise of online challenges to the authoritarian Arab state. Perspectives on Politics.
Gladwell, Malcolm (Oct 4, 2010). "Small Change: Why the revolution will not be tweeted". The New York Times. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
Lim, Merlyna. Clicks, Cabs, and Coffee Houses: Social Media and Oppositional Movements in Egypt, 2004-2011. Journal of Communication.
Esfandiari, Golnaz (Jun 7, 2010). "The Twitter Devolution". Foreign Policy. The Washington Post Company. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
Valenzuela, Sebastian, Arturo Arriagada & Andres Scherman (2012). The Social Media Basis of Youth Protest Behavior: The Case of Chile. Journal of Communication.
Morozov, Evgeny (Jun 17, 2009). "Iran Election: A Twitter Revolution?". The Washington Post. The Washington Post Company. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
Landler, Mark; Stelter, Brian (Jun 16, 2009). "Washington Taps Into a Potent New Force in Diplomacy". The New York Times. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. Retrieved Jun 10, 2014.
Sheikholeslamiwork, Ali (May 23, 2009). "Iran Blocks Facebook, Twitter Sites Before Elections (Update1)". Bloomberg. Retrieved Jun 10, 2014.
Honari, Ali (2015). "Online Social Research in Iran: A Need to Offer a Bigger Picture". CyberOrient: Online Journal of the Virtual Middle East 9 (2).
Esfandyari, Golnaz (7 June 2010). "The Twitter devolution". Foreign Policy.
Rahimi, Babak (2011). "The agonistic social media: Cyberspace in the formation of dissent and consolidation of state power in postelection Iran". The Communication Review 14 (3): 158–178. doi:10.1080/10714421.2011.597240.
Keller, Jared (Jun 18, 2010). "Evaluating Iran's Twitter Revolution". The Atlantic. Retrieved Nov 24, 2014.
Gladwell, Malcolm (Oct 4, 2010). "Small Change: Why the revolution will not be tweeted". The New Yorker. Retrieved Nov 24, 2014.
Morozov, Evgeny (Jun 17, 2009). "Iran Election: A Twitter Revolution?". The Washington Post. The Washington Post Company. Retrieved Nov 25, 2014.
Rothkopf, David (Jun 17, 2009). "There is no such thing as virtual revolution...". Foreign Policy Magazine. The Washington Post Company. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
Vahid Online (February 2, 2010), Vahid Online responds to Douglas Rushkoff, PBS, retrieved October 13, 2015
Ippolita (2015), Rasch, Miriam, ed., The Facebook Aquarium: The Resistible Rise of Anarcho-Capitalism (PDF), Theory on Demand #15, Translated by Riemens, Patrice; Landman, Cecile (Revised and updated ed.), Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures, p. 84, ISBN 978-94-92302-00-7
Murphy, Dan (January 25, 2011). "Inspired by Tunisia, Egypt's protests appear unprecedented". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
"Egypt internet comes back online". BBC News. 2 February 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
Gustin, Sam (Feb 11, 2011). "Social Media Sparked, Accelerated Egypt’s Revolutionary Fire". Wired Magazine. Condé Nast. Retrieved Jun 10, 2014.
Danilova, Maria (Nov 22, 2013). "Ukraine’s PM booed after snubbing EU, turning to Moscow". Retrieved Nov 25, 2014.
Talaga, Tanya (Feb 5, 2014). "How social media is fuelling Ukraine's protests". Retrieved Nov 25, 2014.
Lokot, Tetyana (Sep 1, 2014). "Russian Social Networks Dominate in Ukraine Despite Information War". Retrieved Nov 25, 2014.
Barberá, Pablo; Metzger, Megan (Dec 4, 2013). "How Ukrainian protestors are using Twitter and Facebook". Retrieved Nov 25, 2014.
Lyushnevskaya, Yana (Nov 21, 2014). "Social media shape Ukraine political debate". Retrieved Nov 25, 2014.
Esseghaier, Mariam (March 2013). ""Tweeting Out a Tyrant:" Social Media and the Tunisian Revolution". Retrieved Jun 11, 2015.


29. Lotan, Gilad; et al. (2011). "The Revolutions Were Tweeted: Information Flows during the 2011 Tunisian and Egyptian Revolutions". The International Journal of Communications 5, 1375-1405. Retrieved May 20, 2015.


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SOURCE/LINK:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashtag_activism








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Hashtag activism

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hashtag activism is a term coined by media outlets which refers to the use of Twitter's hashtags for internet activism.[1][2][3][4]

Contents
1 Origin
2 Notable examples
2.1 #Kony2012
2.2 #BlackLivesMatter
2.3 #Oromoprotests
2.4 #BringBackOurGirls
2.5 #YesAllWomen
2.6 #ShoutYourAbortion
2.7 #icebucketchallenge
2.8 #Sosblakaustralia
2.9 #IdleNoMore
2.10 #UmbrellaRevolution
2.11 Other examples
3 Criticism
4 See also
5 References
Origin
The oldest known mention of the term is from The Guardian, where it was mentioned in context to describe Occupy Wall Street protests.[5]
Hashtags have a history on social media sites such as Twitter, Facebook, and Tumblr. The hashtag originated as "a means to coordinate Twitter conversations" between individual Twitter users. Chris Messina, a San Francisco resident, is credited with coining the term "hashtag."[6]
Notable examples
#Kony2012
Main article: Kony 2012
Kony 2012 is a short film produced by Invisible Children, Inc. (authors of Invisible Children). It was released on March 5, 2012.[7][8][9][10] The film's purpose was to promote the charity's "Stop Kony" movement to make African cult and militia leader, indicted war criminal and the International Criminal Court fugitive Joseph Kony globally known in order to have him arrested by the end of 2012,[11] when the campaign expired. The film spread virally through the #Kony2012 hashtag.[12][13][14]
#BlackLivesMatter
Main article: Black Lives Matter
The Black Lives Matter movement calls for an end to police brutality and the killings of African-Americans in the U.S. The #BlackLivesMatter hashtag was first started by Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi as a response to the trial and later acquittal of George Zimmerman who shot and killed 17-year-old Trayvon Martin. The hashtag saw a revival in 2014, after the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, and after a grand jury did not indict police officer Daniel Pantaleo in the death of Eric Garner.[15]
#Oromoprotests
In 2014, IOYA (The International Oromo Youth Association) created the #Oromoprotests hashtag to bring awareness to Oromo student protests against the Ethiopian government's plan to expand Addis Ababa and annex areas occupied by Oromo farmers and residents. The hashtag was utilized again starting in late November/December 2015 to bring attention to renewed Oromo protests and the Ethiopian government's violent crackdown on students, journalists and musicians.[16][17]
#BringBackOurGirls

First Lady Michelle Obama initiated the #BringBackOurGirls hashtag
Main article: Chibok schoolgirl kidnapping
Boko Haram kidnapped over 200 schoolgirls from Chibok, Nigeria in May 2014, refusing to return the girls.[18] The hashtag #BringBackOurGirls was created and used in hopes of keeping the story in the news and bringing international attention to it.[19] The hashtag was used by first lady Michelle Obama to raise awareness for the kidnapped girls.[20] The hashtag in itself has received 2 million retweets.[1]
#YesAllWomen
Main article: YesAllWomen
#YesAllWomen is a Twitter hashtag and social media campaign in which users share examples or stories of misogyny and violence against women.[21] #YesAllWomen was created in reaction to another hashtag #NotAllMen, to express that all women are affected by sexism and harassment, even though not all men are sexist. The hashtag quickly became used by women throughout social media to share their experiences of misogyny and sexism.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] The hashtag was popular in May 2014 surrounding discussions of the 2014 Isla Vista Killings.[30][31][32]
#ShoutYourAbortion
Main article: Shout Your Abortion
Shout Your Abortion, also known as #ShoutYourAbortion is a hashtag and social media campaign used on Twitter that encourages women who have experience with abortion to break the silence surrounding it.[33][34][35] The hashtag was created by American writer Lindy West and friends Amelia Bonow and Kimberly Morrison in response to the US House of Representatives efforts to defund Planned Parenthood following the Planned Parenthood 2015 undercover videos controversy.[36][37][38][39][40]
#icebucketchallenge
Main article: Ice Bucket Challenge
The #icebucketchallenge is an act where a bucket of ice water is dumped over the head of an individual and documented by videos or pictures, and a "challenge" is issued to another person (or persons) to do the same. The "challenged" individual then either has to respond by dumping ice water on their head, or donate money to an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also referd to as Lou Gehrig's disease) charity. However, doing both is also an option. The encouragement of the challenge is to circulate the video or photo on social media websites and applications with their community, friends, and family to show their support in raising awareness of the ALS disease.[41] The involvement of #icebucketchallenge with the global audience of social media generated so much awareness and support that in early August 2014, the national ALS charity foundation president Barbara Newhouse, directly attributed the movement to a fundraising "surge" of $168,000 that accumulated in just a week. That figure contrasted with the $14,000 raised in the same time the year prior prompted the CEO and her 38 years in the industry to view the difference in support as "crazy."[42] A month after the August 2014 fundraising week the number of videos that were directly associated with the #icebucketchallenge was tallied on the Facebook website from June 1 to September 1 at 17 million, according to the Facebook Newsroom.[43] As the videos continued to climb, so did the challenges. Eventually, public figures such as James Franco, Charlie Rose, and even former president George W. Bush took an activist role in raising money for research and awareness of the ALS disease.[44]
#Sosblakaustralia
In March 2015, an activism campaign took hold in Australia. #Sosblakaustralia was a campaign started in a small aboriginal town in Western Australia. This campaign was to combat an initiative that would close down 150 rural aboriginal communities.[45] Though this movement started in a rural community of 200 #Sosblakaustralia with poor internet connection, it eventually spread to thousands of followers including Australian celebrities such as Hugh Jackman, this caused the movement to expand as far as London. In 18 days this movement had over 50,000 followers and had reached over 1,000,000 people worldwide.[46]
#IdleNoMore
Main article: Idle No More
In the Winter of 2012-2013 in Canada a campaign was started by Canadian indigenous activists using #IdleNoMore in order to combat future legislation that would threaten indigenous land and water. The movement has continued to grow and unify native communities and the hashtag has made expansion possible. Idle No More started in Canada it has spread to native people around the world including the United States and Australia where indigenous people face similar issues.[47] The use of the hashtag and social media has been instrumental in spreading Idle No More's message to indigenous people around the world giving those who otherwise would be voiceless a means to participate in activism.[48]
#UmbrellaRevolution
Main article: 2014 Hong Kong protests
The response of the umbrella became a symbol in Admiralty, Mong Kok and Causeway Bay districts, Hong-Kong to protest about the free election systems in China. The protestors had been camped on the streets and the public parks. The umbrella was used to protect the protesters in defence of the democratic political process in 2014 when police used tear gas in attempts to get them to leave. "Umbrella Revolution" and "Umbrella Movement" have been used to identify this event through British media outlet BBC. through social network services such as Twitter and Instagram made the events in Hong Kong reach many other people not directly involved with the protest with the use of #UmbrellaRevolution and created a worldwide social awareness to how Hong Kong was responding to support of the democratic process.[49][50][51]
Other examples

The 2014 Europe Game Developers Conference's #1ReasonToBe panel stemmed from #1reasonwhy hashtag conversations.[52]
A 2012 Twitter discussion among women working in games, collated under the hashtag #1reasonwhy, indicated that sexist practices such as the oversexualization of female video game characters, workplace harassment and unequal pay for men and women were common in the games industry.[53][54][55]
The hashtag #NotYourAsianSidekick was initiated by Suey Park in December 2013 on Twitter. Suey Park is a freelance writer who supports Asian American feminism. She started this movement for giving Asian American women stronger voices. It aims to limit the patriarchical power in Asian American spaces and to alleviate racism in that is often criticized as inherent in white feminism.[56]
In September 2014,The Hokkolorob Movement (Let The Voice Raise Movement) started. It is a series of protests initiated by the students of Jadavpur University in Kolkata, India that began on September 3, 2014. The term "hok kolorob" ("make some noise") was first used as a hashtag on Facebook.[57]
In 2014, protests of the for then-recently enacted anti-gay laws included targeting the corporate sponsors for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi Russia. Among the sponsors was McDonalds, whose marketing included the hashtag #CheersToSochi, which was hijacked by the queer activist group Queer Nation.[58][59][60]
Criticism
Hashtag activism has been criticized by some as a form of slacktivism.[61] Chris Wallace, George Will, and Brit Hume of Fox News commented that hashtag activism was a "useless exercise in self esteem and that ... I do not know how adults stand there, facing a camera, and say, 'Bring back our girls.' Are these barbarians in the wilds of Nigeria supposed to check their Twitter accounts and say, 'Uh oh, Michelle Obama is very cross with us, we better change our behavior'?"[4][62][63] The ease of hashtag activism has led to concerns that it might lead to overuse and public fatigue.[64]
See also
Twitter diplomacy
References
1.
"George Will: Hashtag Activism "Not Intended To Have Any Effect On The Real World"". Real Clear Politics. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
"Hashtag Activism, and Its Limits". NYtimes. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
"#BringBackOurGirls: Why hashtag activism has its critics". Mediaite. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
"#Bringbackourgirls, #Kony2012, and the complete, divisive history of 'hashtag activism'". Huffington Post. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
Eric Augenbraun (29 September 2011). "Occupy Wall Street and the limits of spontaneous street protest". theguardian. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
"The Use of Twitter Hashtags in the Formation of Ad Hoc Publics". The Use of Twitter Hashtags in the Formation of Ad Hoc Publics: 1–9. 2011.
"News Hour – Trending Now: Kony 2012". Global TV. March 6, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
Lees, Philippa; Zavan, Martin (March 7, 2012). "Kony 2012 sheds light on Uganda conflict". Ninemsn. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
"Jackson Center To Show KONY2012". The Post-Journal. February 14, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
"Uganda rebel Joseph Kony target of viral campaign video". BBC News. March 8, 2012.
Myers, Julia (March 7, 2012). "A call for justice". Kentucky Kernel.
Neylon, Stephanie (March 7, 2012). "Kony fever hits York!". The Yorker. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
Molloy, Mark (March 7, 2012). "Kony 2012: Campaign Shedding light on Uganda Conflict a Huge Online Success". Metro. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
Nelson, Sara C. (March 7, 2012). "Kony 2012: Invisible Children Documentary Sheds Light On Uganda Conflict". Huffington Post. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
Weedston, Lindsey (19 December 2014). "12 Hashtags That Changed the World in 2014". Yes Magazine. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
http://www.opride.com/oromsis/articles/opride-contributors/3804-the-return-of-oromo-student-protests-calls-for-serious-reflection
"OromoProtests (@OromoProtests) | Twitter". twitter.com. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
"Boko Haram offers to swap kidnapped Nigerian girls for prisoners". Reuters. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
""Hashtag Activism" and the case of the kidnapped Nigerian girls". Silicon Beat. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
"Michelle Obama raises pressure over kidnapped schoolgirls". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
Medina, Jennifer (May 27, 2014). "Campus Killings Set Off Anguished Conversation About the Treatment of Women". The New York Times. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
Jess Zimmerman (2014-04-28). "Not All Men Meme Rise of Defense Against Sexism Misogyny". TIME. Retrieved 2014-07-13.
Jeff Bridges (2014-06-02). "#NotAllMen Don't Get It". TIME. Retrieved 2014-07-13.
Plait, Phil (2014-05-27). "Not all men: How discussing women's issues gets derailed". Slate.com. Retrieved 2014-07-13.
http://jezebel.com/your-guide-to-not-all-men-the-best-meme-on-the-interne-1573535818
Vendituoli, Monica (2014-05-28). "#NotAllMen, but #YesAllWomen: Campus Tragedy Spurs Debate on Sexual Violence - Students - The Chronicle of Higher Education". Chronicle.com. Retrieved 2014-07-13.
Pachal, Pete (26 May 2014). "How the #YesAllWomen Hashtag Began". Mashable. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
Valenti, Jessica. "#YesAllWomen reveals the constant barrage of sexism that women face". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
"#YesAllWomen Puts Spotlight On Misogyny". NPR. 28 May 2014.
Grinberg, Emanuella. "Why #YesAllWomen took off on Twitter". CNN Living. CNN. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
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64. Dijck, José van (2013-03-21). The Culture of Connectivity: A Critical History of Social Media. Oxford University Press. pp. 87–. ISBN 9780199970780. Retrieved 6 June 2014.

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